Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships

Commensalism Definition, Examples, and Relationships Commensalism is a sort of connection between two living life forms in which one life form profits by the other without hurting it. A commensal animal categories profits by another species by acquiring movement, asylum, food, or backing from the host species, which (generally) neither advantages nor is hurt. Commensalism ranges from brief collaborations between species to deep rooted advantageous interaction. Commensalism Definition The term was authored in 1876 by Belgian scientist and zoologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden, alongside the term mutualism. Beneden at first applied the word to depict the movement of body eating creatures that followed predators to eat their waste food. The word commensalism originates from the Latin word commensalis, which means sharing a table. Commensalism is regularly talked about in the fields of nature and science, in spite of the fact that the term reaches out to different sciences. Terms Related to Commensalism Commensalism is frequently mistaken for related words: Mutualism - Mutualism is aâ relationship in which two living beings profit by one another. Amensalism - A relationship wherein one life form is hurt while the other isn't influenced. Parasitism - A relationship wherein one life form benefits and the other is hurt. Theres regularly banter about whether a specific relationship is a case of commensalism or another kind of connection. For instance, a few researchers think about the connection among individuals and gut microscopic organisms to be a case of commensalism, while others trust it is mutualistic on the grounds that people may increase a profit by the relationship. Instances of Commensalism Remora fish have a plate on their heads that makes them ready to connect to bigger creatures, for example, sharks, mantas, and whales. At the point when the bigger creature takes care of, the remora withdraws itself to eat the extra food.Nurse plants are bigger plants that offer assurance to seedlings from the climate and herbivores, allowing them a chance to grow.Tree frogs use plants as protection.Golden jackals, when they have been removed from a pack, will trail a tiger to benefit from the remaining parts of its kills.Goby fish live on other ocean creatures, changing shading to mix in with the host, along these lines picking up insurance from predators.Cattle egrets gobble the bugs worked up by cows when they are eating. The dairy cattle are unaffected, while the fowls gain food.The burdock plant produces prickly seeds that stick to the hide of creatures or attire of people. The plants depend on this technique for seed dispersal for multiplication, while the creatures are unaffec ted. Kinds of Commensalism (With Examples) Inquilinism - In inquilinism, one living being utilizes another for changeless lodging. A model is a feathered creature that lives in a tree opening. Here and there epiphytic plants developing on trees are viewed as iniquilism, while others should seriously think about this to be a parasitic relationship in light of the fact that the epiphyte may debilitate the tree or take supplements that would some way or another go to the host. Metabiosis - Metabiosis is a commensalistic relationship in which one creature shapes a natural surroundings for another. A model is a recluse crab, which utilizes a shell from a dead gastropod for security. Another model would be worms living on a dead living being. Phoresy - In phoresy, one creature connects to another for transport. This kind of commensalism is frequently found in arthropods, for example, bugs living on bugs. Different models incorporate anemone connection to loner crab shells, pseudoscorpions living on warm blooded creatures, and millipedes going on feathered creatures. Phoresy might be either commit or facultative. Microbiota - Microbiota are commensal life forms that structure networks inside a host creature. A model is the bacterial verdure found on human skin. Researchers differ on whether microbiota is really a kind of commensalism. On account of skin greenery, for instance, there is proof the microorganisms give some security on the host (which would be mutualism). Tamed Animals and Commensalism Household pooches, felines, and different creatures seem to have begun with commensal associations with people. On account of the pooch, DNA proof shows hounds related themselves with individuals before people changed from chasing social affair to horticulture. Its accepted the precursors of canines followed trackers to eat survives from corpses. After some time, the relationship became mutualistic, where people additionally profited by the relationship, picking up barrier from different predators and help following and killing prey. As the relationship changed, so did the attributes of mutts. Reference: Larson G (2012). Reexamining hound training by incorporating hereditary qualities, prehistoric studies, and biogeography. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109: 8878â€83.

Study of Asthma

Presentation Asthma is one of the endemic infections in the US and creating nations. In spite of the fact that asthma influences people everything being equal, babies and adolescents are more helpless to it than grown-ups. Asthma is a respiratory issue that causes aggravation of the respiratory system.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Study of Asthma explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of its normal manifestations incorporate breathing troubles, constant hacks, and chest torments. Asthma is one of the main considerations that thwart youngsters from going to class consistently. It additionally causes resting troubles in youngsters. This paper talks about the measures that can be taken to relieve natural reasons for asthma. Biological Causes of Asthma There are numerous variables that cause asthmatic conditions. Be that as it may, ecological corruption is the essential driver of asthma in youngsters. For the most part, kids breathe in more air, devour more food, and guzzle more liquid than grown-ups. They additionally have a frail respiratory framework and invulnerability contrasted with grown-ups. Youngsters can be presented to a few natural dangers at home and school. Accordingly, they are more powerless against ecological reasons for asthma than grown-ups are. Kids presented to the accompanying ecological perils can create asthmatic conditions. There is an impressive evidence that ecological dangers, for example, infections and allergens can cause asthma. â€Å"Indoor airborne allergens are frequently created by house dust mines, cockroaches, and creature fur†. Smoking of cigarettes in inadequately ventilated houses can cause asthma. Besides, open air poisons, for example, ozone, allergens, and seething kindling can cause asthmatic conditions. Control of Environmental Asthma in the US In the US, the legislature has built up an exhaustive system to moderate ecological reasons for asthmatic conditions in kids. This procedure envelops different mediations planned for guaranteeing that kids are sheltered from ecological perils that cause asthma.Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The legislature has been subsidizing research exercises planned for discovering the significant reasons for asthma. Through research exercises, the administration has created extensive measures to relieve ecological risks. For example, open organizations, social luxuries, and private properties must be appropriately built and kept up to lessen ecological dangers, for example, air contamination and allergens. Smoking out in the open is disallowed by the administration to forestall superfluous air contamination. Besides, general wellbeing authorities in the US have presented network wellbeing based projects planned for making mindfulness on the biological reasons for asthma. This venture includes instructin g neighborhood networks on the significance of sanitation in local locations. For example, guardians have been encouraged to guarantee that their youngsters play in earth safe spots. What's more, guardians have been exhorted not to smoke inside. Proposals to Reduce Asthma Globally Current research discoveries in the US show that commonness of asthma has decreased fundamentally because of appropriate execution of network based asthma annihilation programs. Therefore, different nations ought to grow obvious procedures to relieve predominance of asthma. Ecological corruption can be alleviated through authorization and usage of severe laws. For example, smoking ought not be permitted in open since it prompts air contamination. Additionally, people group based projects ought to be acquainted with make mindfulness on reasons for asthma. Such battles can moderate the predominance of asthma on the planet. In any case, asthma annihilation undertakings may require numerous assets. This test c an be defeated through raising support activities. End This article has uncovered that asthma is a genuine wellbeing challenge in numerous nations because of natural corruption. In any case, predominance of asthma can be moderated through decrease of natural pollution.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Study of Asthma explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More References American Lung Association. (2003). Patterns in asthma dreariness and mortality. New York: Sage. Establishment of Medicine. (2000). Dispelling any confusion air: Asthma and indoor air exposures. New York: National Academy Press. Oatman, L. (2007). Lessening natural triggers of asthma in homes of minnesota kids. Minnesota: Minnesota Department of Health. This exposition on Study of Asthma was composed and presented by client Zariah Richard to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Level2 Unit3 Essay

Unit 4: Contribute to the help of constructive situations for kids and youngsters Describe what is implied by positive condition All learning and investigating is certain and sustaining. Nature needs to energize children’s advancement. It’s how kids feel positive and sure about their feeling of self and their individual achievements. Their space needs to give a parity of challenge, hazard and security. A positive domain should have expressive materials like paint, drawing materials, and mixture or mud. The space ought to incorporate open-finished materials that can be utilized from numerous points of view, so youngsters can imagine, design and make. Tangible encounters are likewise very sustaining and calming for kids’ feelings. Water play, sand play, play mixture, pouring materials †they all permit arrival of dissatisfaction. Development materials, such as building squares, are likewise significant and help build up a child’s fine and gross engine abilities. The earth should be founded all in all kid: socially, inwardly, subjectively, and truly. This methodology takes a gander at the earth in general through the child’s eye. Ask yourself, â€Å"Are there materials with the goal that the kid can communicate his sentiments? Are the materials testing enough? Are there open doors for fine and gross engine development?† Here are some valuable tips: * Organization †Can the kid â€Å"read† the earth to understand it? Is the space clear or clamorous? Marks or pictures help the kid keep the earth systematic, which cultivates autonomy in the kid. * Esthetics †Is there shading, surface, delicate materials? Not simply essential hues. Having a wide scope of hues and materials is bound to speak to kids and will empower them to acquire insight about their reality. * Adaptability †Can the space or materials move and change to mirror the child’s current turn of events, interests? Making a positive domain additionally implies giving a kid singular consideration and regard by recognizing the youngster. Affirmation is more than essentially praising the kid. A grown-up can supplement a kid by saying, â€Å"I love your art.† Acknowledgment, notwithstanding, is the point at which a grown-up pays heed to what a kid has done, and says, â€Å"Look, you can do that now!† When making a positive situation for the kid ensure you have a protected and inviting home. Ensure your home is youngster evidence in the kitchen, restroom, and rooms. Keep a perfect situation for wellbeing reasons, yet in addition on the grounds that staying mess unrestrained choice assistance you from feeling overpowered. Play old style music to make a tranquil domain for both yourself and the child. Recognize administrative necessities The necessities of enactment, guideline and codes of training for shielding and ensuring youngsters pertinent to the nation of origin where the setting or administration is found. The obligation of all inside the part to shield kids, including: The Children Act of 1989 and Children’s Bill of 2004’s point is to disentangle the laws that ensure kids and youngsters in the UK. Before these demonstrations came into power there were a wide range of bits of enactment to ensure youngsters and it had become certain that they were not working for the most ideal results for kids or youngsters. Uniting these two demonstrations has given a reasonable comprehension to all who work with youngsters what their obligations are and how we should cooperate in case of claims of kid misuse. It is the job of all individuals from staff to protect the kids by guaranteeing that you follow your school’s wellbeing and security strategies and systems, for example, recording mishaps on mishap structures, getting some information about wounds, realizing the kids all around ok to perceive an adjustment in their conduct, finishing on going perceptions, realizing who is gathering and dropping off the youngsters. You should guarantee that all individuals from staff are completely prepared on right techniques in defending, suitable and unseemly conduct and monitoring not placing themselves into a circumstance where their conduct or activities could be confounded; continually guaranteeing that you are never alone with any youngsters in your consideration. All grown-ups should likewise know about their individual obligations to carry matters of worry to the consideration of senior administration. You can break secrecy in the event that you speculate a kid is in danger and you should realize the right methodology to follow in the event that you have an exposure of misuse. Likewise by refreshing and changing if important, your arrangements and practices on current enactments on p rotecting kids. Likewise by having a free body (Ofsted) who can screen your gauges and practices this will secure the children’s rights to be sheltered, to appreciate and accomplish, be solid and make a positive commitment to society. Step by step instructions to adequately think about skin, hair and teeth Cleanliness is something other than being perfect. It is characterized as the numerous practices that assist individuals with being and remain sound. Rehearsing great individual cleanliness is brilliant for two reasons. In the first place, it keeps individuals from coming down with and spreading ailment and malady. Second, it assists individuals with liking themselves and their bodies. Great cleanliness incorporates completely and normally washing one’s body (particularly hands), washing one’s hair, brushing and flossing teeth, and thinking about gums. These preparing propensities will lessen the danger of microscopic organisms that continually live on the body. While a specific measure of microscopic organisms are innocuous, and even gainful, to the body, a development of microorganisms can hurt a person’s wellbeing. As kids become more seasoned, their bodies experience various changes. While great cleanliness is significant for everybody at any age, it can require more noteworthy consideration at the beginning of adolescence. At the point when adolescence shows up (for the most part between the ages of eight and sixteen), it implies the body is getting explicitly develop. Hormones, certain synthetic concoctions made by one’s body, produce both physical and enthusiastic changes. It is the physical changes that require more noteworthy consideration with regards to cleanliness. For a little youngster or kid, this implies taking additional time and care cleaning one’s body, particularly the sexual organs, managing skin break out, terrible breath, and a more grounded stench, just as accomplishing more to forestall pits and gum illness. Skin is the biggest organ on the body. It has two layers: the slight external layer is comprised of dead skin cells that are continually shed and supplanted by new cells. The thick inward layer is comprised of veins, nerves, and hair follicles, which contain organs. The organs in the hair follicles produce a slick substance called sebum, which shields the skin and hair from drying out. Every d ay washing will keep the skin on the face and different zones of the body clean by expelling the earth, oil, and dead cells before they can aggregate. Taking great consideration of the skin includes a couple of essential advances. Dermatologists suggest that an individual wash the face two times each day with a mellow cleanser or delicate chemical. It is ideal to abstain from washing time after time, as the skin will get disturbed and dry out. On the off chance that a lot of the skin’s common oil is washed away, the skin may turn out to be exceptionally dry and start to tingle and drop. Since the skin’s common procedure is intruded on, the skin may start to create more oil than expected, which can cause more breakouts. Dermatologists additionally suggest the accompanying for perfect, sound skin: * Use moisturizers just if necessary, and utilize ones that are sans oil and water-based. * Try to distinguish what disturbs the skin; if it’s stress, attempt to lessen feelings of anxiety. * Leave pimples alone; picking, popping, or pressing them will just exacerbate them. * Have just a dermatologist evacuate or remove pimples. * Try to abstain from contacting the face. * Keep hands clean by washing them regularly. * Try to avoid the sun, and utilize a sunscreen consistently during summer Just like skin, hair covers and secures the body. Hair is comprised of containers of keratin. Keratin is an intense protein delivered by the body. Hair develops from establishes in the skin, which are called follicles. In contrast to the skin, which is a living life form, when a hair becomes out of the follicle, it is as of now â€Å"dead.† At the base of the follicle is the sebaceous organ. There, sebum, a slick substance that greases up the hair shaft, is made. Hair arrives in an assortment of types. Regardless of whether hair is wavy, wavy, or straight relies on the state of the hair follicle. A level follicle yields wavy hair while a round follicle delivers straight hair. Curly hair originates from oval-molded follicles. As there are various kinds of hair, there are likewise various hues and diverse texturesâ€thick or slight. Whatever sort of hair an individual has, it is significant that it be k ept clean. This will assist it with looking and smell lovely and forestall the improvement of scalp issues. Taking great consideration of your teeth is probably the most astute speculation an individual can make in their wellbeing, assisting with guaranteeing that the teeth will stay solid, sound, and white for a lifetime. While numerous advances have been made in dentistry and in supplanting teeth, nothing can ever replace characteristic teeth. They are more grounded than any fake teeth a dental expert can make. This is the reason it is essential to think about them appropriately. Dental issues can be forestalled by routinely utilizing a toothbrush and dental floss, the devices for good teeth. There are numerous significant motivations to brush the teeth consistently. Brushing expels the plaque (a clingy film of microscopic organisms that develops around the teeth) that causes tooth rot, or depressions. Brushing additionally helps keep gums sound and breath new. To take advantage of brushing, an individual ought to pick a delicate bristled toothbrush with a shape that suits one’s mouth and permits one to arrive at all of the teeth without any problem. Utilize a toothpaste wi

International Crimes and International Criminal Law - 550 Words

International Crimes and International Criminal Law (Essay Sample) Content: International Crimes and International Criminal LawTerm Paper:Date:Words:Student Name:Institution:IntroductionThis paper is a literature review in the study of international law. The motive behind this process is uncovering measures in which the international law stipulates and the ways in which states which are party to the body has adopted these laws. There is detailed coverage of the extent to which the law embraced by the different parts binds these parties and the repercussions which befall those in violations of the rules and if there is an existence of instances of impunity. This paper endeavors to cover various measures that are in place along with the institutions that are meant to implement and carry out the necessary steps of each state. There is also an in-depth cover of the evolution of ideas regarding measures and precautions are taken to perform a given stringent measure. The UN is the main governing body relating to the welfare of nations around the w orld, and its obligation is to act as an oversight authority that oversees the ways in which nations conduct affairs regarding the safeguard all fundamental human rights. The paper also covers the role of the rule of law to the various states and role the legal service and lawyers. There is also a keen observation of the role in which the International Relation and the international law playing interdisciplinary scholarship.There are various reasons for reviewing the international obligations and governing institution. First, there is an issue concerning the legalistic character in invoking international law for the sake of making morally right judgments and setting policy recommendations. The law must be implicitly morally stringent and must be objective, clear and impartial. Each sphere of the law is presumed to be under a form of codification for it to be relevant and to be invoked, applied, inferred in the inevitable deductive conclusion and the issuance of condemnation. On t he other hand, writers are writers must show in their content regarding the field of law the optimality, legality, and morality of the legal topics in which they handle. Morality is that which is right and optimality aiming at reaching the best outcome by taking into consideration all aspects of a given matter.Since time immemorial, there has been the commission of crimes across the world. However, as the sages go, actions have consequences. These criminal occurrences do not go unpunished in some ways by those in powers or in a position to do so. However, the wording criminal may vary regarding meaning or perception depending on a particular society. In the many 18th and 19th century kingdoms, a king or chief could instruct killing of a person and this was not criminal. Also, those who participated in slave trade did so because it was presumably lawful at that time. The word criminal is relative depending on society or a given period of history.[European Association of Psychology, L aw, Psychology, Crime Law (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2012] Before the formation of an international body to deal with matters of international peace, the world was man eat man society. The common regulations were what the scholars define as the law of the jungle. As long as a particular country had the capacity to fight and take resources of another weaker country, it could comfortably mobilize its force and attack at will, the way German did to France in 1871. The League of Nations was the first international body to be mandated to be the custodian of an agreed international law which was the first great achievement. The paper will help different scholars, both law students, historians and the general public learn how international crimes are committed, how they look like and the role of the international law in curbing such criminal occurrences. Scholars can refer and enquire more about international law and international criminal law from different writers while at the same time give the researcher a chance to criticize or agree with the ideas propounded.[Topics Entertainment (Firm) the United States and National Archives (U.S.), WWII, War in Europe. Volume I Volume I (Renton, WA: Topics Entertainment, 2008)] [Sean D. Murphy, Principles of International Law (St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West, 2006)] Mirjan Damaska, the writer of the "what is the point of International Criminal Justice?" holds that international law is practiced and applied in the International Criminal Court. The writer believes that any criminal offense, more so an international crime qualifies to be punished to a grand scale. However, the writer laments that full justice is never and has never been done since the launch of the International Criminal Court and started handling international crimes. The injustice mostly because of inadequate collection and gathering of evidence. The shreds of evidence provided may also be extremely inhumane or extreme which affects the verdict give n by the bench handling the matter. The pieces of evidence may disrupt their conscience hence impairs or disrupts the merit of decision and verdict they will deliver. The judges are also forced to work under time constraints which might allow for proper consultation of the relevant law and the consultative verdict. The haste may make them make an immature judgment as a result of less time to analyze evidence provided.[MirjanR. Damaska, "Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository," What is the Point of International Criminal Justice? 1 (January 2008)] To some metrics, it is in strongly attested by Mirjan Damaska. For example, in Rwanda where a genocide that killed about a million people took place, it took long to arrest and jail a single suspect. Furthermore, a good number of politicians and perpetrators who participated in the killings and are still free. There was also the distortion of some evidence by some of the accused so as not to be used against them to the extent that the ICC could not use or access it. In Yugoslavia, there was a mass killing of people killed which was sensitive, but the case was not successful at the ICC. If the International law was well applied and is under genuine people, why all these unfairness. Illegal groupings that amount to be called terrorists such as Al-Shabaab and ISIS, AIquaida and Boko Aram have been committing crimes against humanity while international law agents and experts watch. However, the ICC has been toothless enough to capture the perpetrators. The International Criminal Law aims at prevention of illegal activities, but the activities have all been in vain. Human beings will always find themselves committing crimes such a murder and enslavement as long as there are conditions that facilitate such occurrences. There can be a comparison between International law to religion or deception that will promise people better feature while at the same time giving them hope and giving warning to those are intending to commit more crimes that judgment will soon meet them. It spreads the ideology of discipline responsibility and a sense of guilt if one commits the well specified and unambiguous laws as lay down by the international law and the executing body which is the international criminal court. When the law breaker is subjected to the international law, several procedures take place. An accused person goes through judicial activities starting from investigations of the crime to questioning and subjecting him/her to mental stress. Also, intertwinement brings healing to those offended. The offender is also made responsible his carelessness is exposed to the world to see. The process brings fear to other people who might be planning to commit such acts. Such criminals will have to think twice before indulging in a criminal offense of similar caliber.Also, it is worth taking a look at the internationally agreed meaning of crime and internal criminal law perspective. According to the United Nation s, an international crime is any act that violates international law in extremes. These violations may appear in the form of genocides, war crimes which involve breaking war conventions, torture and enforced disappearances, piracy, slavery aircraft hijacking are good examples of international crimes.On the other side of the coin, the internal criminal law under logical sense is an organized body tailored to deal with actions that are considered international crimes and fix the perpetrators accordingly. These acts range from crimes of aggression to genocides.[Nikos Passas, International Crimes (Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2013)] It is of a necessity to take a look at the international laws, to conceptualize its applicability. Firstly, the way in which various legal systems are corresponding to the optimal and moral requirements. Therefore it is a necessity to consider the given statutory applications that might override others. Therefore the legal standpoint is tha t law should always be having an interpretation in its ordinary sense and the law mostly includes intentional ambiguity. Secondly, on the side of having to conceptualize the increasing interest in the global spectrum, there is the perception that international relation and international law is the inter-subjective or the observed phenomena representing these varied disciplines. The real divergence in the international system is more or less to be normative versus positive and law versus politics. There is the need for the development of genuine theoretical and practical insights. The unity of lawyers around the world can, therefore, bring the needed unity to voice out the need for a collaborative research agenda. Thirdly, the recognition of international law as being applicable to the national societal law is necessary for an effective international legal system. There is a need to bolster recognition of the international rule of law in fabricating ...

The Effects Military Deployment Has On Marital Relationships.

The Effects Military Deployment has on Marital Relationships Meghan GaNung Indiana University of Pennsylvania Abstract This research paper provides a theoretical perspective on the effects that military deployment has on marital relationships. The background section investigates the five different military branches, what stressors are involved for those in military relationships, and a brief history of what military relationships were like in the past. In the literature review, readers will explore research studies that have been conducted in the past five years that pertain to military couples. There are three themes that will be pointed out throughout the literature review; the psychological effects deployment has on†¦show more content†¦Other effects of low relationship satisfaction can be caused from the individuals experiencing anxiety and or depression. Over 25% of military personnel look for professional care due to these diagnostics (Trump, Lamson, Lewis, 2015). An individual experiencing mental distress does not have the energy to work on a difficult relationship. It is important t o conduct more research on military romantic relationships to bridge the gap between what is known and unknown. This information can help prepare military couples for the changes that will occur in their lives and help the couple to better understand the impact deployment has on their relationship. Military marriages are falling apart for reasons that can be easily fixed with external support. Community resources are available to aid military spouses while they are dealing with the separation. However, these resources are not being used as they should. There are plenty of spouses that would benefit from the outside aid, the issue comes into play that they don’t know about them. Informing research to help prepare the couple for their distant relationship to military couples can bridge the gap between these communication barriers the couples experience. Background Military The United States military employs nearly 1.5 million soldiers. The military is broken down into five different branches,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Family Disorder In Veterans1033 Words   |  5 PagesParticipants included over 300 veterans with ages ranging from in their twenties into their seventies years old. Some of the participants had history of combat experience, some with no combat experience, and some with some other kind of military trauma. Relationship and family status ranged from married, single, widowed, divorced, or never married. This study took this information and evaluated whether family functioning had significance throughout the whole process of the veteran’s treatment planRead MoreThe Deployment Of Military Personnel964 Words   |  4 Pagesthere was over 1.4 million active duty U.S. military personnel, of which approximately half have a spouse and/or children (Department of Defense, 2014). 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What I Learned in the Course of Spiritual Life and Growth

I have learned to live my life through trial and error; I believe mistakes should be accepted without regret. I didnt always think in this manner, I originally was a perfectionist. I strived to be the best at everything I did and it stunted my growth in life for quite some time. After I understood the value of my life, I realized the key was to live genuinely; to live for a purpose that was not only important to myself, but to others as well. I was not taught morality, I had to learn it the hard way. The course, Spiritual Life and Growth, has taught me morality to some extent. On the first week of attending Spiritual Life and Growth, I decided to take a break from my commission based job for a few years; I understood the consequences- if I did not sell I did not earn. I began to cleanse myself, by answering the questions, â€Å"Who am I? 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Analysing the behaviour of captain de koster using structure and agency debate free essay sample

Structure and agency debate provides an understanding of the actions and attitudes of an individual. This essay will be critically analyzing and discussing the attitude and actions of Captain Louis De Koster and how structure-agency debate can help us understand them. It will further go on to unpack the influence that structural or agency factors has on De Koster in the police department. Structure is the network of recurring patterns in which people behave in routine situations (Van huyssteen, E. 2003). Moreover; it consists of social factors and institutions that influence the individual’s capacity to act such as family, schooling, religion, economy and sets of norms and values. (Van huyssteen, E. 2003). Agency is the ability of an individual, to act and make choices about what happens in their live as well as to make sense of the environment they are in(Van huyssteen, E. 2003). The structure-agency debate argues and questions if the decisions made by individuals are really what they want or if it’s influenced by society and its institutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysing the behaviour of captain de koster using structure and agency debate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Giddens,the debate can be contrasted with the â€Å"nature versus nurture† debate, which questions whether a person’s physiology (â€Å"nature†) or socialisation (â€Å"nurture†) predominates in the formation of an identity, because structure-agency debate may be understood as an issue of socialisation against autonomy in determining whether an individual acts as a free agent or in a manner dictated by social structure. In this extract, we are able to understand the negativity towards police work caused by structure. Captain Louis is always complaining and criticizing the police service because it is more of a norm in his working environment. â€Å" the process had also taught me that complaining was part of the organizational culture of the detective service. † (Altbeker, A. 2005:169). De Koster revealed his negative actions resulting from structure and its aspects such as race, gender politics and restructuring of police work. His attitude was generally contradicting with his actions because, he show commitment in what he does, he still performs his duties in the police service even though he describe it as being bitter, â€Å"half the time you think that management thinks it would be better if you packed your bags and fucked off† (Altbeker, A. 2005: ). His attitude depicts racism because he thinks that apartheid is repeating itself but its reverse this time- none of the promotion posts would be given to a white detective. Majority of the police officers in the police service were given high positions without being trained and that really made De Koster angry because he saw it being a racial discrimination, consequently it affected the way he performed his work- which made him not to have friends at work because of the racial differences (that did not stop him from going to work though). Although his attitude was of racism, he however showed dedicated to his work and wanted to get positive results because he knew that society expect policemen to do their jobs efficiently. He was negative and arrogant because he felt unwelcome in his working environment, like they did not want him around. Furthermore, his pride about being a policeman was fading away daily, in fact it was gone because they used to rub it in his face, telling him that he likes being a police and he is negative. The police had some sort of an illusion about how being a policeman is not just about the money and the career, â€Å" I was reflecting on what De Koster had told me about his disillusionment with policing as a career, and with the police service as his employer. His views were an echo of wailing and teeth-gnashing that I encountered amongst detectives-especially white detectives † (Altbeker,A. 2005:176). This shows that his actions were influenced by structure because even though he hated the system in the police service-he just had to comply because he wanted to do his job and fulfil his expectations as a police officer. In addition he was forced to remain in the police service because he knew about the unemployment rates out there. Structure constrained him to act in such a way that will be suitable and patterned between the elements of society, thus it made an overriding influence on his actions. Even though de Koster was on about how the organisation was falling apart, he was always there. He made a choice of sticking with the organisation and acted upon his choices because even though the weather was unfavourable (when it was raining and cold); he made a choice of doing his job. He was in Hillbrow looking for a suspect- John Sithole, instead of being at home sleeping. This indicates that even though he made choices, his actions were influenced by society’s expectation henceforth this is structure. In order for him to make sense of his actions and choices, he thought of commitment â€Å"†¦you must understand that just because I come to work, doesn’t mean that I do the work. Do it like I used to, I mean. In this game you have to be committed to do it properly, but the commitment isn’t there anymore† (Altbeker, A. 2005:173). His work is really important to him. Even though he felt unhappy and unwanted, he gave it his all to stay sympathetic and loyal to the police service. He was really dedicated to his work and in that sense, we understood his agency when he took the man from Berea aside, to tell him how important it is to help the police and how he would personally put in a claim for a reward. He made that choice because he really wanted to find John Sithole. He also made a choice of staying hopeful and believing in catching the bad guys out there. This can be seen when the reporter was asking him whether he thought the man would help if he found John Sithole and De Koster’s reply was â€Å"we can only hope, miracles do happen† (Altbeker, A. 2005:177). His positive attitude towards his work existed despite the bitter and unfavourable working conditions. He always showed commitment even when he was expected to be hopeless and downhearted, in addition he stayed at work and acted professionally around his colleagues even though they were not getting along because of racial differences -this is a signal of agency. Interplay of both structure and agency can be seen on the actions of this police officer. He entered into another man’s home and confronted him in his underwear in front of his children, bulling him with the authority of the law and taking him away. This is a norm in the police department so De Koster’s actions were influenced by structure in this case. He did what he had to do simply because he was expected to. I personally stand with structure in the structure-agency debate because even though agency exists, it is still influenced by structure. The choices we make are somehow influenced by what we see, hear and read about (society and its expectations). De Koster’s actions and choices were shaped by social factors in his working environment. Yes he made choices, but his actions resulting from those choices were influenced by structure. CONCLUSION From the above mentioned I therefore conclude by agreeing with Giddens (1979) that one cannot not choose between structure and agency, because â€Å"they are mutually dependant to each other rather than opposed. Structures are not repressive of the individual’s capacity to act, or agency, but rather provide a means by which individuals act and are also the outcome of those actions. † (Abercrombie et al, 1988: 245 in Van huyssteen, E. 2003:57).